Wednesday, October 24, 2007

Turbulence 湍流(From Wikipedia)

turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time. Flow that is not turbulent is called laminar flow. The (dimensionless) Reynolds number characterizes whether flow conditions lead to laminar or turbulent flow; e.g. for pipe flow, a Reynolds number above about 2300 will be turbulent.

湍流流体的一种流动状态。当流速很小时,流体分层流动,互不混合,称为层流,或称为片流;逐渐增加流速,流体的流线开始出现波浪状的摆动,摆动的频率及振幅随流速的增加而增加,此种流况称为过渡流;当流速增加到很大时,流线不再清楚可辨,流场中有许多小漩涡,称为湍流,又称为乱流、扰流或紊流。

这种变化可以用雷诺数来量化。雷诺数较小时,黏滞力对流场的影响大于惯性力,流场中流速的扰动会因黏滞力而衰减,流体流动稳定,为层流;反之,若雷诺数较大时,惯性力对流场的影响大于黏滞力,流体流动较不稳定,流速的微小变化容易发展、增强,形成紊乱、不规则的湍流流场。

流态转变时的雷诺数值称为临界雷诺数。一般管道雷诺数Re<2300为层流状态,Re>4000为湍流状态,Re=2300~4000为过渡状态。

有效地描述湍流的性质,至今仍然是物理学中的一个重大难题。

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